Credits
The animals in the sea behind these pages are built in code from their species' published measurements, and swim as studies of each kind describe. These are the sources.
Sharks
Fin positions and sizes, gill slits and tail lobes, as percentages of total length.
- Great white shark: Bigelow & Schroeder 1948, Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 1
- Oceanic whitetip shark: Garrick 1982, NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 445
- Blue shark: Bigelow & Schroeder 1948
- Scalloped hammerhead: Bigelow & Schroeder 1948; Quattro et al. 2013, Zootaxa 3702:159
Whales and dolphins
Fins, flippers, flukes, landmarks and colour, as percentages of total length.
- Killer whale: Heyning & Dahlheim 1988, Mammalian Species 304; Weber et al. 2014, Marine Mammal Science 30
- Bottlenose dolphin: Fish 1993, Journal of Experimental Biology 185
- Humpback whale: Clapham & Mead 1999, Mammalian Species 604; Fish & Battle 1995, Journal of Morphology 225:51; Gough et al. 2019
- Blue whale: Omura, Ichihara & Kasuya 1970; Paul 2022
- Fin whale: Ohsumi 1960, after Mackintosh & Wheeler 1929; Weber et al. 2014
- Sperm whale: Rice 1989, Handbook of Marine Mammals 4; Nishiwaki, Ohsumi & Maeda 1963, Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 17; Miller et al. 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology 207:1953
Reef manta ray
The disc's outline, fins and markings, as percentages of disc width.
- Reef manta ray: Bigelow & Schroeder 1953; Bucair, Marshall et al. 2025, Environmental Biology of Fishes; Marshall, Compagno & Bennett 2009, Zootaxa 2301
Fish
Body depth, fin counts and positions, and colour, as percentages of standard length.
- Clownfish: FishBase; Fishes of Australia
- Blue tang: Randall, in the FAO species identification guide for the Western Central Pacific, vol. 6; USGS
- Atlantic herring: FishBase; Whitehead 1985, FAO clupeoid catalogue
- Atlantic mackerel: Bigelow & Schroeder 1953, Fishes of the Gulf of Maine; Collette & Nauen 1983, FAO Species Catalogue vol. 2, Scombrids
- Green chromis: FishBase; Randall 2005, Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific
- Yellow tang: Randall, in the FAO species identification guide for the Western Central Pacific, vol. 6
- Copperband butterflyfish: FishBase; Allen, Steene & Allen 1998, A Guide to Angelfishes and Butterflyfishes
- Parrotfish (Scarus): FishBase; Bellwood 1994
- Bumphead parrotfish: FishBase; Bellwood & Choat 1990, Environmental Biology of Fishes 28
How they swim, turn and sense
Their strokes, speeds, turns, schooling and senses.
- Au 1993, The Sonar of Dolphins
- Coombs & Montgomery 1999
- Fish 1993; Fish 1998
- Fish & Battle 1995, Journal of Morphology 225:51
- Fish et al. 2018, Journal of Experimental Biology 221:jeb166041
- Gleiss et al. 2011, Nature Communications 2:352
- Gough et al. 2019
- He & Wardle 1988, Journal of Fish Biology 33:255
- ICES CM 2003/N:03
- Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) 2019, jeb191791
- Kajiura et al. 2022, Journal of Fish Biology
- Kalmijn 1971
- Kasumyan, a review of school structure
- Maresh et al. 2004, Marine Mammal Science 20:498
- Noren 2008, Functional Ecology 22:284
- Nøttestad & Axelsen 1999
- Partridge et al. 1980
- Pitcher & Wyche 1983
- Rohr & Fish 2004
- Rosenberger 2001, Journal of Experimental Biology 204:379
- Segre et al. 2019, Integrative and Comparative Biology 59:48
- Videler & Hess 1984, Journal of Experimental Biology 109:209
- Videler & Kamermans 1985
- Videler & Wardle 1991
- Wainwright et al. 2002, Journal of Experimental Biology 205:3637
- Walker & Westneat 1997, 2000
- Webb & Keyes 1982, Fishery Bulletin 80:803
- Weihs 2004, Journal of Biology 3:8
- Wilga & Lauder 2000, Journal of Experimental Biology 203:2261
- Williams et al. 2000
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